Corrigendum: Ex vivo normothermic preservation of a kidney graft from uncontrolled donation after circulatory death over 73 hours.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1330043.].

Incidental prostate cancer after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate: Critical analysis of independent risk factors and impact on surgical outcomes.

Objectives: The objectives of this study are to evaluate the impact of incidental prostate cancer (iPCa) and its different grade group (GG) on the surgical outcomes of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) and, furthermore, to assess the independent risk factors associated with the detection of iPCa. Patients or materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted at a single institution for HoLEP cases that were performed between 2017 and 2022. Patients with a preoperative diagnosis of prostate cancer and those without baseline prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels within 1 year were excluded. Four hundred seventeen patients were divided into three groups: benign prostatic hyperplasia-377; clinically insignificant (GG 1)-29; and clinically significant prostate cancer (GG 2-5)-11. The preoperative parameters analysed included age, body mass index, race/ethnicity, use of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, PSA, prostate size, PSA density, and history of negative prostate biopsy. To evaluate the association between clinical and demographic variables, a multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analysis was performed. We also assessed intraoperative and post-operative outcomes among these three groups. Results: A total of 417 patients were analysed; 40 (9.6%) patients had iPCa, of which 29 (72.5%) and 11 (27.5%) were clinically nonsignificant and significant prostate cancer, respectively. Of all the demographic and preoperative variables analysed, hypertension was significantly associated with overall prostate cancer diagnosis (p < 0.05), and no other variable including patient age, preoperative PSA, PSA density, prostate size, or prior prostate biopsy were associated with increased risk of overall prostate cancer or clinically significant prostate cancer diagnosis. Most cases of iPCa were GG1, and 34 (85%) were managed with active surveillance. Conclusion: The rate of iPCa after HoLEP was 9.6%, with most cases being GG 1 (72.5%) and managed through active surveillance. Age, prostate size, baseline PSA, and prior negative prostate biopsies were not associated with increased risk of iPCa.

Cancer care pathways across seven countries in Europe: What are the current obstacles? And how can artificial intelligence help?

BACKGROUND: Cancer poses significant challenges for healthcare professionals across the disease pathway including cancer imaging. This study constitutes part of the user requirement definition of INCISIVE EU project. The project has been designed to explore the full potential of artificial intelligence (AI)-based technologies in cancer imaging to streamline diagnosis and management. The study aimed to map cancer care pathways (breast, prostate, colorectal and lung cancers) across INCISIVE partner countries, and identify bottle necks within these pathways. METHODS: Email interviews were conducted with ten oncology specialised healthcare professionals representing INCISIVE partner countries: Greece, Cyprus, Spain, Italy, Finland, the United Kingdom (UK) and Serbia. A purposive sampling strategy was employed for recruitment and data was collected between December 2020 and April 2021. Data was entered into Microsoft Excel spreadsheet to allow content examination and comparative analysis. RESULTS: The analysed pathways all shared a common characteristic: inequalities in relation to delays in cancer diagnosis and treatment. All the studied countries, except the UK, lacked official national data about diagnostic and therapeutic delays. Furthermore, a considerable variation was noted regarding the availability of imaging and diagnostic services across the seven countries. Several concerns were also noted for inefficiencies/inequalities with regards to national screening for the four investigated cancer types. CONCLUSIONS: Delays in cancer diagnosis and treatment are an ongoing challenge and a source for inequalities. It is important to have systematic reporting of diagnostic and therapeutic delays in all countries to allow the proper estimation of its magnitude and support needed to address it. Our findings also support the orientation of the current policies towards early detection and wide scale adoption and implementation of cancer screening, through research, innovation, and technology. Technologies involving AI can have a great potential to revolutionise cancer care delivery. POLICY SUMMARY: This study highlights the widespread delay in cancer diagnosis across Europe and supports the need for, systematic reporting of delays, improved availability of imaging services, and optimised national screening programs. The goal is to enhance cancer care delivery, encourage early detection, and implement research, innovation, and AI-based technologies for improved cancer imaging.

Cancer care at the time of the fourth industrial revolution: an insight to healthcare professionals' perspectives on cancer care and artificial intelligence.

BACKGROUND: The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology in cancer care has gained unprecedented global attention over the past few decades. This has impacted the way that cancer care is practiced and delivered across settings. The purpose of this study was to explore the perspectives and experiences of healthcare professionals (HCPs) on cancer treatment and the need for AI. This study is a part of the INCISIVE European Union H2020 project's development of user requirements, which aims to fully explore the potential of AI-based cancer imaging technologies. METHODS: A mixed-methods research design was employed. HCPs participating in cancer care in the UK, Greece, Italy, Spain, Cyprus, and Serbia were first surveyed anonymously online. Twenty-seven HCPs then participated in semi-structured interviews. Appropriate statistical method was adopted to report the survey results by using SPSS. The interviews were audio recorded, verbatim transcribed, and then thematically analysed supported by NVIVO. RESULTS: The survey drew responses from 95 HCPs. The occurrence of diagnostic delay was reported by 56% (n = 28/50) for breast cancer, 64% (n = 27/42) for lung cancer, 76% (n = 34/45) for colorectal cancer and 42% (n = 16/38) for prostate cancer. A proportion of participants reported the occurrence of false positives in the accuracy of the current imaging techniques used: 64% (n = 32/50) reported this for breast cancer, 60% (n = 25/42) for lung cancer, 51% (n = 23/45) for colorectal cancer and 45% (n = 17/38) for prostate cancer. All participants agreed that the use of technology would enhance the care pathway for cancer patients. Despite the positive perspectives toward AI, certain limitations were also recorded. The majority (73%) of respondents (n = 69/95) reported they had never utilised technology in the care pathway which necessitates the need for education and training in the qualitative finding; compared to 27% (n = 26/95) who had and were still using it. Most, 89% of respondents (n = 85/95) said they would be opened to providing AI-based services in the future to improve medical imaging for cancer care. Interviews with HCPs revealed lack of widespread preparedness for AI in oncology, several barriers to introducing AI, and a need for education and training. Provision of AI training, increasing public awareness of AI, using evidence-based technology, and developing AI based interventions that will not replace HCPs were some of the recommendations. CONCLUSION: HCPs reported favourable opinions of AI-based cancer imaging technologies and noted a number of care pathway concerns where AI can be useful. For the future design and execution of the INCISIVE project and other comparable AI-based projects, the characteristics and recommendations offered in the current research can serve as a reference.

Is Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate Truly Size-Independent? A Critical Evaluation at the Extreme Ends of the Spectrum.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the outcomes of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) at the extremes of the size spectrum, comparing whether the results are consistent for very large and small prostates. METHODS: A retrospective review of 402 patient charts was conducted to compare the outcomes of HoLEP in patients with prostate size ≤40 g (group 1), 41-200 g (group 2), and >200 g (group 3). Various preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative variables were collected. RESULTS: HoLEP showed comparable voiding outcomes among all 3 groups, although patients with small prostates had a higher International Prostate Symptom Score during follow-up (P = .022). We noted a higher rate of perioperative blood transfusion in patients with very large prostates (P = .019) and a higher rate of transient acute urinary retention (AUR) in group 1 when compared to group 3 (P = .048). Patients with smaller prostates had a higher rate of bladder neck stenosis and urethral strictures, but the differences were not found to be statistically significant. The incidence of other complications, length of hospital stay, and catheterization duration did not differ significantly among the groups. CONCLUSION: HoLEP has consistent and safe outcomes across a wide range of prostate sizes. Although, the risk of blood transfusion is higher in patients with very large prostates and the risk of transient AUR is greater in patients with small glands, the overall efficacy and safety of HoLEP are not significantly influenced by prostate size.

P53 in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Pattern-Based Immunohistochemical Framework with Molecular Correlation.

p53 immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been proposed as a surrogate for TP53 mutations in penile squamous cell carcinomas (PSCC). We aimed to evaluate the performance of a pattern-based evaluation of p53 IHC in PSCC. Human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA testing, p16 and p53 IHC, and whole exome sequencing were performed in a series of 40 PSCC. p53 IHC was evaluated following a pattern-based framework and conventional p53 IHC evaluation. Out of 40 PSCC, 12 (30.0%) were HPV-associated, and 28 (70.0%) were HPV-independent. The agreement between the p53 IHC pattern-based evaluation and TP53 mutational status was almost perfect (k = 0.85). The sensitivity and accuracy of the pattern-based framework for identifying TP53 mutations were 95.5% and 92.5%, respectively, which were higher than the values of conventional p53 IHC interpretation (54.5% and 70.0%, respectively), whereas the specificity was the same (88.9%). In conclusions, the pattern-based framework improves the accuracy of detecting TP53 mutations in PSCC compared to the classical p53 IHC evaluation.

Ex vivo normothermic preservation of a kidney graft from uncontrolled donation after circulatory death over 73 hours.

The transplant community is focused on prolonging the ex vivo preservation time of kidney grafts to allow for long-distance kidney graft transportation, assess the viability of marginal grafts, and optimize a platform for the translation of innovative therapeutics to clinical practice, especially those focused on cell and vector delivery to organ conditioning and reprogramming. We describe the first case of feasible preservation of a kidney from a donor after uncontrolled circulatory death over a 73-h period using normothermic perfusion and analyze hemodynamic, biochemical, histological, and transcriptomic parameters for inflammation and kidney injury. The mean pressure and flow values were 71.24 ± 9.62 mmHg and 99.65 ± 18.54 mL/min, respectively. The temperature range was 36.7°C-37.2°C. The renal resistance index was 0.75 ± 0.15 mmHg/mL/min. The mean pH was 7.29 ± 0.15. The lactate concentration peak increased until 213 mg/dL at 6 h, reaching normal values after 34 h of perfusion (8.92 mg/dL). The total urine output at the end of perfusion was 1.185 mL. Histological analysis revealed no significant increase in acute tubular necrosis (ATN) severity as perfusion progressed. The expression of KIM-1, VEGF, and TGFß decreased after 6-18 h of perfusion until 60 h in which the expression of these genes increased again together with the expression of ß-catenin, Ki67, and TIMP1. We show that normothermic perfusion can maintain a kidney graft viable ex vivo for 3 days, thus allowing a rapid translation of pre-clinical therapeutics to clinical practice.

Cell-Free DNA as a Prognostic Biomarker for Monitoring Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has recently emerged as a real-time biomarker for diagnosis, monitoring and prediction of therapy response in tumoral disease. Here, we evaluated cfDNA as a prognostic biomarker for monitoring muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients at different follow-up time points. Blood samples from 37 MIBC patients who underwent radical cystectomy (RC) were collected at cystectomy and 1, 4, 12 and 24 months later. Plasma cfDNA amount and fragmentation patterns were determined. Four mutations were analyzed in cfDNA to detect circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) during patient follow-up. During a median follow-up of 36 months, 46% of patients progressed; median time to progression was 10 months. cfDNA levels and ctDNA status four months after RC were identified as independent prognostic biomarkers of tumor progression (HR 5.290; p = 0.033) and cancer-specific survival (HR 4.199; p = 0.038), respectively. Furthermore, ctDNA clearance four months after RC was significantly associated with patients' clinical outcomes. In conclusion, cfDNA levels and ctDNA status four months after RC have prognostic implications in MIBC patients. In addition, cfDNA monitoring is useful to predict patient outcomes after RC. cfDNA analysis in the clinical setting could greatly improve MIBC patient management.

Gene variation impact on prostate cancer progression: Lymphocyte modulator, activation, and cell adhesion gene variant contribution.

BACKGROUND: The view of prostate cancer (PCa) progression as a result of the interaction of epithelial cancer cells with the host's immune system is supported by the presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). TILs fate and interaction with the tumor microenvironment is mediated by accessory molecules such as CD5 and CD6, two signal-transducing coreceptors involved in fine-tuning of T cell responses. While the nature of the CD5 ligand is still controversial, CD6 binds CD166/ALCAM, a cell adhesion molecule involved in progression and dissemination of epithelial cancers, including PCa. The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of CD5, CD6, and CD166/ALCAM gene variants in PCa. METHODS: Functionally relevant CD5 (rs2241002 and rs2229177), CD6 (rs17824933, rs11230563, and rs12360861) and CD166/ALCAM (rs6437585, rs579565, rs1044243, and rs35271455) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in germline DNA samples from 376 PCa patients. Their association with PCa prognostic factors, namely biochemical recurrence (BCR) and International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade was analyzed by generalized linear models and survival analyses. RESULT: Proportional hazards regression showed that the minor CD6 rs12360861AA and CD166/ALCAM rs579565AA genotypes were associated with earlier BCR, with hazard ratios of 2.65 (95% CI: 1.39-5.05, p = 0.003) and 1.86, (95% CI: 1.02-3.39, p = 0.043), respectively. Individually, none of the analyzed SNPs was significantly associated with ISUP grade, but haplotype analyses revealed association of the CD5 rs2241002C -rs2229177T haplotype with ISUP grade ≥2, with odds ratio of 1.52 (95% CI: 1.05-2.21, p = 0.026). CONCLUSION: The results show the impact on PCa aggressiveness and recurrence brought about by gene variants involved in modulation of lymphocyte activation (CD5, CD6) and immune-epithelial cell adhesion (CD166/ALCAM) in PCa aggressiveness and recurrence, thus supporting a role for host immune response in PCa pathophysiology.

HPV-negative Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PeIN) With Basaloid Features.

Most human papillomavirus (HPV)-independent penile squamous cell carcinomas (PSCCs) originate from an intraepithelial precursor called differentiated penile intraepithelial neoplasia, characterized by atypia limited to the basal layer with marked superficial maturation. Previous studies in vulvar cancer, which has a similar dual etiopathogenesis, have shown that about one fifth of HPV-independent precursors are morphologically indistinguishable from high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs), the precursor of HPV-asssociated carcinomas. However, such lesions have not been described in PSCC. From 2000 to 2021, 55 surgical specimens of PSCC were identified. In all cases, thorough morphologic evaluation, HPV DNA detection, and p16, p53, and Ki-67 immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed. HPV-independent status was assigned based on both negative results for p16 IHC and HPV DNA. Thirty-six of the 55 PSCC (65%) were HPV-independent. An intraepithelial precursor was identified in 26/36 cases (72%). Five of them (19%) had basaloid features, morphologically indistinguishable from HPV-associated HSIL. The median age of the 5 patients was 74 years (range: 67 to 83 y). All 5 cases were p16 and DNA HPV-negative. Immunohistochemically, 3 cases showed an abnormal p53 pattern, and 2 showed wild-type p53 staining. The associated invasive carcinoma was basaloid in 4 cases and the usual (keratinizing) type in 1. In conclusion, a small proportion of HPV-independent PSCC may arise on adjacent intraepithelial lesions morphologically identical to HPV-associated HSIL. This unusual histologic pattern has not been previously characterized in detail in PSCC. p16 IHC is a valuable tool to identify these lesions and differentiate them from HPV-associated HSIL.

Outcomes after 20 years of experience in minimally invasive living-donor nephrectomy.

INTRODUCTION: The transperitoneal laparoscopic approach is considered the gold standard technique for living kidney donation. Other accepted laparoscopic techniques include the retroperitoneal approach, natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES)-assisted, laparo-endoscopic single-site surgery (LESS), with excellent results in the donor and graft. Many studies have compared these techniques with open ones. Our objective is to describe our experience and results in minimally invasive living-donor nephrectomies (MILDN): laparoscopic, NOTES-assisted, and LESS since their introduction in March 2002. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective observational study of donors undergoing MILDN between March 2002 and March 2020. RESULTS: A total of 714 MILDNs were performed at our centre. All were completed, except for one, because of recipient death. The conventional laparoscopic approach was used in 541 cases (75.88%), NOTES in 116 (16.9%), LESS in 55 (7.7%), and one mini open (0.14%). Two-thirds of the donors were females (478 cases). The mean donor age was 52.87 years (SD 10.93). Six donors (0.8%) were diagnosed beforehand with a small renal mass, which was removed before transplantation in bench surgery. The right kidney was removed in 17.8% of cases. Warm ischaemia time was higher in the NOTES and LESS groups. We had eight conversions. The global intraoperative and postoperative complication rates were 6.8% and 4.9%, respectively. None of the donors developed renal disease during follow-up (mean 3.68 years). Five-year recipient and graft survival rates were 98.8% and 96.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: MILDN techniques are safe for donors and grafts, with low complication.

[Orthotopic renal allograft transplant. State of the art.] / Trasplante renal ortotópico. Estado actual.

Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD)as it has shown a better quality of life and longer survival compared to dialysis. Patients with ESRD have associated vascular pathology in a significant percentage, with abundant calcifications at the level of the aorto-iliac axis.The survival of transplanted patients has also increased so an important number of patients have multiple transplants,patients with an indication for a third, fourth and even fifth transplant.In these cases, in which the iliac fossa is no longer practicable(atheromatosis, vascular abnormalities, occupied iliac fossae for previous kidney transplant…), orthotopic kidney transplantation offers a viable option with good results.

El trasplante renal es el tratamiento de elección para pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal (IRCT) ya que ha demostrado una mejor calidadd e vida y mayor supervivencia en comparación ala diálisis. Los pacientes con IRCT tienen asociada patología vascular en un importante porcentaje, con abundantes calcificaciones a nivel del eje aorto-ilíaco. La supervivencia de los pacientes trasplantados también se ha incrementado por lo que cada vez más nos encontramos con pluritrasplantados, pacientes con indicación de tercer, cuarto e incluso quinto trasplante.En estos casos en los que la fosa ilíaca ya no es practicable (ateromatosis, malformaciones vasculares, ocupación de fosas ilíacas por trasplantes renales previos…),el trasplante renal ortotópico ofrece una opción viable con buenos resultados.

Trasplante renal ortotópico. Estado actual / Trapianto renale ortotopico. Stato attuale

El trasplante renal es el tratamiento deelección para pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónicaterminal (IRCT) ya que ha demostrado una mejor calidad de vida y mayor supervivencia en comparación ala diálisis. Los pacientes con IRCT tienen asociada patología vascular en un importante porcentaje, con abundantes calcificaciones a nivel del eje aorto-ilíaco. Lasupervivencia de los pacientes trasplantados también seha incrementado por lo que cada vez más nos encontramos con pluritrasplantados, pacientes con indicaciónde tercer, cuarto e incluso quinto trasplante.En estos casos en los que la fosa ilíaca ya no es practicable (ateromatosis, malformaciones vasculares, ocupación de fosas ilíacas por trasplantes renales previos...),el trasplante renal ortotópico ofrece una opción viablecon buenos resultados.(AU)

Kidney transplantation is the treatment ofchoice for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD)as it has shown a better quality of life and longer survivalcompared to dialysis. Patients with ESRD have associated vascular pathology in a significant percentage, withabundant calcifications at the level of the aorto-iliac axis.The survival of transplanted patients has also increasedso an important number of patients have multiple transplants, patients with an indication for a third, fourth andeven fifth transplant.In these cases, in which the iliac fossa is no longer practicable (atheromatosis, vascular abnormalities, occupiediliac fossae for previous kidney transplant...) , orthotopickidney transplantation offers a viable option with goodresults.(AU)

Clinical and radiological findings for small renal masses under active surveillance.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the experience performing active surveillance (AS) of small renal masses (SRMs) in our center and to correlate the evolution of SRMs under AS with clinical and radiological findings. METHODS: Patients on AS between January 2012 until May 2020 for SRMs in our center have been included. Growth rate (GR) per year was analyzed and correlated with radiographic features. Patients with growth kinetics higher than 5mm/year during follow up were offered active treatment. RESULTS: 73 patients were included in AS: the mean age was 75.7 years, a mean initial tumour size of 21.2 mm, and a mean growth rate of 2.05 mm/year. Around 60 % had an ASA score of 3. The tumor size did not change over time in 43% of cases; in 4% we noticed a regression in size and in 52% of cases growth during follow-up (38% 1-5mm/year and 14% more than 5 mm/year). Delayed active treatment was indicated in 16 (21%) of cases. Treatment applied was as following: 2 radiofrequency ablations, 6 radical and 8 partial nephrectomies. A weak correlation was found between initial size and growth rate (r = 0.38, P = 0.02). No significant association was detected regarding any of the analyzed radiological findings and GR. With a mean follow up time of 33 months none of the patients presented metastatic progression. CONCLUSION: Active surveillance is a feasible option for management of SRMs in selected patients without jeopardizing oncological safety. In our series, no clinical or radiological characteristics for predicting tumour growth were found.

Laparoendoscopic single-site simultaneous bilateral nephrectomy: first reported case series.

Bilateral renal tumors in patients on dialysis are usually managed with bilateral nephrectomy. With traditional laparoscopy, this procedure requires the insertion of multiple trocars. Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) uses a single umbilical incision to insert multiple instruments and is also employed for extraction of specimens. This technique appears especially useful for bilateral nephrectomy, since many access ports can be spared. We describe 5 cases of simultaneous bilateral radical nephrectomies performed at a single academic institution. We had no intraoperative complications and a mean operating time of 155 minutes. Four patients could be resected using this approach; one case was converted to a traditional laparoscopy. One case had a postoperative complication. We believe this technique is feasible, and can be accomplished with acceptable morbidity and ade-quate operative time.

Impact on prostate cancer clinical presentation after non-screening policies at a tertiary-care medical center- a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: In May 2012 the US Preventive Task Force issued a 'D' recommendation against routine PSA-based early detection of prostate cancer. This recommendation was implemented progressively in our health system. The aim of this study is to define its impact on prostate cancer staging at a tertiary care institution. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed from 2012 until 2015 at a single center. We analyzed the total number of biopsies performed per year and the positive biopsy rate. For those patients with positive biopsies we recorded diagnostic PSA, clinical stage, ISUP grade group, nodal involvement and metastatic status at diagnosis. RESULTS: A total of 1686 biopsies were analyzed. The positive biopsy rate increased from 25% in 2012 to 40% in 2015 (p < 0.05). No change in median PSA was noticed (p = 0.627). The biopsies detected higher ISUP grades (p = 0.000). In addition, newly diagnosed prostate cancer presented a higher clinical stage (p = 0.005), higher metastatic rates (p = 0.03) and a tendency to higher lymph node involvement although not statistically significant (p = 0.09). CONCLUSION: After the 2012 recommendation, patients presented a higher probability of a prostate cancer diagnosis, with a more adverse ISUP group, clinical stage and metastatic disease. These results should be taken into consideration to implement a risk adapted strategy for prostate cancer screening.

Pathogenesis of Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Molecular Update and Systematic Review.

Penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) is a rare but aggressive neoplasm with dual pathogenesis (human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated and HPV-independent). The development of targeted treatment is hindered by poor knowledge of the molecular landscape of PSCC. We performed a thorough review of genetic alterations of PSCC focused on somatic mutations and/or copy number alterations. A total of seven articles have been identified which, overall, include 268 PSCC. However, the series are heterogeneous regarding methodologies employed for DNA sequencing and HPV detection together with HPV prevalence, and include, in general, a limited number of cases, which results in markedly different findings. Reported top-ranked mutations involve TP53, CDKN2A, FAT1, NOTCH-1 and PIK3CA. Numerical alterations involve gains in MYC and EGFR, as well as amplifications in HPV integration loci. A few genes including TP53, CDKN2A, PIK3CA and CCND1 harbor both somatic mutations and copy number alterations. Notch, RTK-RAS and Hippo pathways are frequently deregulated. Nevertheless, the relevance of the identified alterations, their role in signaling pathways or their association with HPV status remain elusive. Combined targeting of different pathways might represent a valid therapeutic approach in PSCC. This work calls for large-scale sequencing studies with robust HPV testing to improve the genomic understanding of PSCC.

Robot-assisted kidney transplantation: update from the European Robotic Urology Section (ERUS) series.

OBJECTIVE: To report the results of the robot-assisted kidney transplantation (RAKT) experience performed in 10 European centres by members of the European Robotic Urology Section (ERUS)-RAKT group. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a multicentre prospective observational study of RAKT. Descriptive analysis of recipients and donor characteristics, surgical data, intraoperative outcomes, complications rate and functional results were collected and analysed. RESULTS: Between July 2015 and September 2019, 291 living-donor RAKTs were performed. Recipients were mostly male (189 [65%]), the mean Standard deviation (sd) age was 45.2 (13.35) years, the mean (sd) body mass index was 27.13 (19.28) kg/m2 , and RAKT was pre-emptive in 155 (53.8%) cases. Right and multiple arteries kidneys were used in 15.4%. The mean (sd) total surgical and re-warming time was 244 (70.5) min and 53.16 (15.27) min, respectively. In all, 17 patients presented with postoperative bleeding (5.7%). Five kidneys had delayed graft function; five (2%) were lost due to thrombosis and one due to acute rejection. Two patients had arterial stenosis, three had incisional hernias, six had ureteric stenosis, and nine had lymphoceles. Neither surgical nor re-warming times were correlated with postoperative serum creatinine levels (P > 0.05). Comparison of surgical data between the first 120 cases and the following 171 cases showed a significantly shorter total surgical time in the second group (265 vs 230 min, P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest European multicentre study of RAKT with good surgical and functional results competitive with open kidney transplant series, with a relatively short learning curve when performed in centres with a wide experience in open kidney transplantation and robotic surgery.

Results and Lessons Learned on Robotic Assisted Kidney Transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: Nowadays, minimally invasive surgery in kidney transplantation is a reality thanks to robotic assistance. In this paper, we describe our experience, how we developed the robotic assisted Kidney transplantation (RAKT) technique, and analyze our results. Material and Methods. This is a retrospective study of all RAKTs performed at our center between July 2015 and March 2020. We describe the donor selection, surgical technique, and analyze the surgical results and complications. A comparison between the first 20 cases and the following ones is performed. RESULTS: During the aforementioned period, 82 living donor RAKTs were performed. The mean age was 47.4 ± 13.4 and 50 (61%) were male. Mean body mass index was 25 ± 4.7 and preemptive in 63.7% of cases. Right kidneys and multiple arteries were seen in 14.6% and 12.2%, respectively. Mean operative and rewarming time was 197 ± 42 and 47 ± 9.6 minutes, respectively. Five cases required conversion to open surgery because of abnormal kidney vascularization. Two patients required embolization for subcapsular and hypogastric artery bleeding without repercussion. Three kidneys were lost, two of them due to acute rejection and one because venous thrombosis. Late complications requiring surgery included one kidney artery stenosis, one ureteral stenosis, two lymphoceles, and three hernia repairs. We noticed a significant reduction in time between the first 20 cases and the following ones from 248.25 ± 38.1 to 189.75 ± 25.3 (p < 0.05). With a mean follow-up time of 1.8 years (SD 1.3), the mean creatinine was 1.52 (SD 0.7) and RAKT graft survival was 98%. CONCLUSIONS: The robotic approach is an attractive, minimally invasive method for kidney transplantation, yielding good results. Further studies are needed to consider it a standard approach.

Active surveillance of small renal masses.

Most renal masses incidentally detected by cross-sectional images are benign, being mainly cysts, and if they are malignant, they are indolent in nature with limited metastatic potential. Enhanced renal masses less than 4 cm in size are known as small renal masses (SRMs), and their growth rate (GR) and the possibility of developing metastasis are extremely low. Delayed intervention of SRMs by closed and routine imaging follow-up known as active surveillance (AS) is now an option according to urological guidelines. Radiologists have a key position in AS management of SRMs even unifocal and multifocal (sporadic or associated with genetic syndromes) and also in the follow-up of complex renal cysts by Bosniak cyst classification system. Radiologists play a key role in the AS of both unifocal and multifocal (sporadic or associated with genetic syndromes) SRMs as well as in the follow-up of complex renal cysts using the Bosniak cyst classification system. Indeed, radiologists must determine which patients with SRMs or complex renal cysts can be included in AS, establish the follow-up radiological test algorithm to be used in different scenarios, perform measurements in follow-up tests, and decide when AS should be discontinued. The purpose of this article is to review the indications and management of AS in SRMs, especially focused on specific scenarios, such as complex renal cysts and multifocal renal tumors (sporadic or hereditary). In this work, the authors aimed to provide a thorough review of imaging in the context of active surveillance of renal masses.